![[Aihun, Luosha, Taiwan, Nei Menggu tu]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn18/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTkvMTEvMzAvYWlodW4tbHVvc2hhLXRhaXdhbi1uZWktbWVuZ2d1LXR1LTRlODQzYS0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/320/175/jpg "[Aihun, Luosha, Taiwan, Nei Menggu tu]")
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![[Lugano, the quay, Tessin, Switzerland] view, photochrome print postcard.](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTkvMDkvMTIvbHVnYW5vLXRoZS1xdWF5LXRlc3Npbi1zd2l0emVybGFuZC0xNTAzNDctNjQwLmpwZw%3D%3D/40/29/webp "[Lugano, the quay, Tessin, Switzerland] view, photochrome print postcard.")
![[Lugano, the quay, Tessin, Switzerland]. Photochrom print, 1880-1890.](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE4OTAvMDEvMDEvbHVnYW5vLXRoZS1xdWF5LXRlc3Npbi1zd2l0emVybGFuZC02NDAuanBn/40/29/webp "[Lugano, the quay, Tessin, Switzerland]. Photochrom print, 1880-1890.")
[Aihun, Luosha, Taiwan, Nei Menggu tu]
Summary
Scales differ.
Manuscript on silk.
Relief shown pictorially.
Pictorial map.
Bird's-eye view.
Covers four frontier regions of the Manchu Dynasty, Aihun area, a military colony since the middle of the 17th century on the north banks of the Amur, Russian camp in eastern Siberia, Taiwan and Pescadores Islands, and Inner Mongolia.
Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image.
Shows military installations and defenses in Aihun (Which is now a district in Heihe Shi, Heilongjiang Sheng), Russian camp in eastern Siberia, Taiwan and Inner Mongolia.
Hummel purchase 1930, no. 6.
AACR2
In the 17th century, maps took a huge leap forward. Mathematical and astronomical knowledge necessary to make accurate measurements had evolved. English mathematicians had perfected triangulation: navigation and surveying by right-angled triangles. Triangulation allowed navigators to set accurate courses and produced accurate land surveys. Seamen learned to correct their compasses for declination and had determined the existence of annual compass variation. Latitude determination was greatly improved with the John Davis quadrant. The measurement of distance sailed at sea was improved by another English invention, the common log. Longitudinal distance between Europe and Québec was determined by solar and lunar eclipses by the Jesuit Bressani in the 1640s and by Jean Deshayes in 1686. With accurate surveys in Europe, the grid of the modern map began to take shape.
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