Republic Building, 209 South State Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: The Republic Building was designed by the architectural firm of Holabird and Roche and built in 1905 by the Wells Bros. Company, General Contractors...Henry Strong, the original owner, and his son... More
Republic Building, 209 South State Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: The Republic Building was designed by the architectural firm of Holabird and Roche and built in 1905 by the Wells Bros. Company, General Contractors...Henry Strong, the original owner, and his son... More
Republic Building, 209 South State Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: The Republic Building was designed by the architectural firm of Holabird and Roche and built in 1905 by the Wells Bros. Company, General Contractors...Henry Strong, the original owner, and his son... More
Republic Building, 209 South State Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: The Republic Building was designed by the architectural firm of Holabird and Roche and built in 1905 by the Wells Bros. Company, General Contractors...Henry Strong, the original owner, and his son... More
Republic Building, 209 South State Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: The Republic Building was designed by the architectural firm of Holabird and Roche and built in 1905 by the Wells Bros. Company, General Contractors...Henry Strong, the original owner, and his son... More
Chicago City Hall, 121 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Survey number: HABS IL-1128 Building/structure dates: 1910 Initial Construction Building/structure dates: 1958 Subsequent Work Building/structure dates: 1972 Subsequent Work
Chicago City Hall, 121 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Survey number: HABS IL-1128 Building/structure dates: 1910 Initial Construction Building/structure dates: 1958 Subsequent Work Building/structure dates: 1972 Subsequent Work
Chicago City Hall, 121 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Survey number: HABS IL-1128 Building/structure dates: 1910 Initial Construction Building/structure dates: 1958 Subsequent Work Building/structure dates: 1972 Subsequent Work
Chicago City Hall, 121 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Survey number: HABS IL-1128 Building/structure dates: 1910 Initial Construction Building/structure dates: 1958 Subsequent Work Building/structure dates: 1972 Subsequent Work
Jewelers' Building, 15-19 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Cook County, I...
Significance: The building is an example of the early work of Adler and Sullivan. It is one of several structures in Chicago's Loop that were designed by the firm for Martin Ryerson, who was then one of the cit... More
The best by test cook book - Public domain scan / drawing
Significance: The missile test and assembly building is an integral part of Nike Missile Base C-84. At the missile assembly area, Nike crews uncrated, assembled, and tested the missiles. The building was buil... More
Chicago Athletic Association, 12 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Cook ...
2008 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Honorable Mention Significance: Founded in 1890 by elite Chicagoans such as Marshall Field, Cyrus McCormick, and A. G. Spalding, the Chicago Athletic Association was a not-for-pr... More
Avery Coonley House, 300 Scottswood Road, 281 Bloomingbank Road, River...
2002 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Entry Significance: Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Coonley estate for Chicago industrialist Avery Coonley and his wife, Queene Ferry of the Detroit-based Ferry Seed Company on a... More
Avery Coonley House, 300 Scottswood Road, 281 Bloomingbank Road, River...
2002 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Entry Significance: Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Coonley estate for Chicago industrialist Avery Coonley and his wife, Queene Ferry of the Detroit-based Ferry Seed Company on a... More
Kehilath Anshe Ma'ariv Synagogue, 3301 South Indiana Avenue, Chicago, ...
Significance: One of the few example of ecclesiastical architecture to come from the office of Adler and Sullivan, this Chicago synagogue of 1890-91 was originally intended to be far more elegant and monumental... More
East Division Street Bridge, Spanning North Branch Canal at West Divis...
Significance: When Chicago became a major commercial and industrial center after the Civil War, the most common American drawbridge was the swing bridge, horizontally rotating on a center pier to open two navig... More
Chicago River Bascule Bridge, LaSalle Street, Spanning Chicago River a...
Significance: The development of the Chicago trunnoin bascule bridge occurred during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Despite the controversy over patent infringement Joseph E. Strauss charg... More
Schiller Building, 64 West Randolph Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: Designed by Adler and Sullivan in 1891-92, the Schiller Building was a unique solution to the problem of placing a large theater and office building on a mid-block site. The result was the first "... More
Chicago Criminal Courts Building, 54 West Hubbard Street, Chicago, Coo...
Significance: This building of 1892 is one of the last works of a lesser-known, early Chicago architect, Otto H. Matz. Its blocklike form and heavily rusticated exterior recall something of the Richardsonian tr... More
Chicago Stock Exchange Building, 30 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Coo...
Significance: Designed by Adler and Sullivan, the building is an important early skyscraper and was the first in Chicago to make use of caisson foundations. In February, 1961, it was designated a Chicago Archit... More
Chicago Stock Exchange Building, 30 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Coo...
Significance: Designed by Adler and Sullivan, the building is an important early skyscraper and was the first in Chicago to make use of caisson foundations. In February, 1961, it was designated a Chicago Archit... More
Chicago Stock Exchange Building, 30 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Coo...
Significance: Designed by Adler and Sullivan, the building is an important early skyscraper and was the first in Chicago to make use of caisson foundations. In February, 1961, it was designated a Chicago Archit... More
Unity Temple, 875 Lake Street, Oak Park, Cook County, IL
Significance: Frank Lloyd Wright's design for Unity Church was conceived with the prime objective of giving exterior expression to a room of worship by subordinating the smaller auxiliary functions to the main ... More
Unity Temple, 875 Lake Street, Oak Park, Cook County, IL
Significance: Frank Lloyd Wright's design for Unity Church was conceived with the prime objective of giving exterior expression to a room of worship by subordinating the smaller auxiliary functions to the main ... More
Chicago Skyway Toll Bridge, Toll Plaza & Service Building, 8801 South ...
Significance: The Chicago Skyway toll plaza is an important eastern gateway to the city. The roadway sits atop an administrative and maintenance building, a uniquely compact arrangement dictated by its urban s... More
Pennsylvania Railroad, South Branch Chicago River Bridge, Spanning Sou...
Public domain image of a historic building, free to use, no copyright restrictions - Picryl description
William E. Drummond House, 559 Edgewood Place, River Forest, Cook Coun...
Significance: This house was designed by William E. Drummond for himself. It is typical of that style of architecture known as "Prairie School" as evidenced in the free-flowing open plan, the emphasis on the re... More
Ralph S. Baker House, 1226 Ashland Avenue, Wilmette, Cook County, IL
Public domain scan of an architecture diagram, architectural drawing, building plan, or design, free to use, no copyright restrictions - Picryl description.
NIKE Missile Base C-84, Generator Building, North of Launch Area Entra...
Significance: The generator building was built in 1956 from standardized drawings approved by the Corps of Engineers, most of which were designed by the firm of Leon Chatelian, Jr., of Washington, D.C. Nike bu... More
Chicago Avenue Bridge, Spanning North Branch of Chicago River at West ...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a living room, salon, office, late 19th-century interior, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Quinn Chapel A.M.E. Church, 2401 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Cook Co...
2000 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Entry Significance: Designated a Chicago Landmark in 1977 and listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the Quinn Chapel houses the oldest African American cong... More
Quinn Chapel A.M.E. Church, 2401 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Cook Co...
2000 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Entry Significance: Designated a Chicago Landmark in 1977 and listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the Quinn Chapel houses the oldest African American cong... More
South Bridge, Spanning Jackson Park Lagoon at South Lake Shore Drive (...
Significance: In 1894, the South Park Commission, administrator of Chicago's south side park system, retained the Boston-area landscape architecture firm of Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot to refurbish Jackson Park,... More
Samuel M. Nickerson House, 40 East Erie Street, Chicago, Cook County, ...
Significance: The house was designed in 1883 by one of Chicago's earliest architects, Edward Burling, for Samuel M. Nickerson, a wealthy banker. Nickerson spared no expense in creating his "Marble Palace," so-c... More
Kenilworth Club, 10 Kenilworth Avenue, Kenilworth, Cook County, IL
Significance: The Kenilworth Club is a small club house of domestic scale and form, a building by George Washington Maher which is a good example of his motif rhythm theory at its most mature phase. Unprocesse... More
First Congregational Church, 1106 Chestnut Street, Western Springs, Co...
2007 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Honorable Mention Significance: In the 1920s, First Congregational Church of Western Springs was growing out of its original frame building and needed to expand. Seeking a new bu... More
First Congregational Church, 1106 Chestnut Street, Western Springs, Co...
2007 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Honorable Mention Significance: In the 1920s, First Congregational Church of Western Springs was growing out of its original frame building and needed to expand. Seeking a new bu... More
First Congregational Church, 1106 Chestnut Street, Western Springs, Co...
2007 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Honorable Mention Significance: In the 1920s, First Congregational Church of Western Springs was growing out of its original frame building and needed to expand. Seeking a new bu... More
Edward W. McCready House, 231 North Euclid Street, Oak Park, Cook Coun...
Significance: This large, single-family dwelling is a simple, well-executed example of the work done by Prairie School architects, Spencer and Powers. It was built in the early 1900's in suburban Oak Park. Unp... More
Alfred Bersbach House, 1120 Michigan Avenue, Wilmette, Cook County, IL
Significance: This house is one of the best works of the Prairie School architect, John S. Van Bergen. The strong horizontals of the composition show the influence of Walter Burley Griffin and Frank Lloyd Wrigh... More
Thalia Hall, 1215-1225 West Eighteenth Street, Chicago, Cook County, I...
2005 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Entry Significance: In 1892, John Dusek, an immigrant from Bohemia, began to make plans to develop the corner of 18th St. and Allport St. as a public gathering place, no known as... More
Second Presbyterian Church, 1936 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Cook ...
STORED ON SITE. mchr 2011 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Entry Significance: Originally designed by noted architect James Renwick and built in 1874, Second Presbyterian Church was later remodeled in 1900 due to dev... More
Second Presbyterian Church, 1936 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Cook ...
STORED ON SITE. mchr 2011 Charles E. Peterson Prize, Entry Significance: Originally designed by noted architect James Renwick and built in 1874, Second Presbyterian Church was later remodeled in 1900 due to dev... More
Isidore Heller House, 5132 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, Cook County...
Public domain image of a historic building, free to use, no copyright restrictions - Picryl description
Chicago, Illinois. Train coming into Union Station
Picryl description: Public domain image of a coal mine, industrial facility, mining industry, early 20th-century industrial architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
North Halsted Street Canal Bridge, Spanning North Branch Canal at Nort...
Significance: Spanning the North Branch Canal at North Halsted Street in Chicago, the North Halsted Street Bridge is a double-leaf, fixed-trunnion bascule with a rigidly attached, below-deck counterweight. Com... More
Chicago Ironwork, John DeKoven House (Cast Iron Gate), 1150 North Dear...
Nitrate negatives. Significance: This house is a good example of the domestic construction which followed the Chicago Fire of 1871. The structure, by the Chicago architect Edward Burling, done in a simple manne... More
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, Bridge No. Z-2, Spanning North ...
Significance: The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway's Bridge No. Z-2 is not only one of a few remaining swing bridges in Chicago, but is also of a rare asymmetrical or "bob-tail" type. The pivot pier is on... More
Oak Park Theatre, 116-120 South Marion Street, Oak Park, Cook County, ...
Public domain photograph of theater building, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Union Elevated Railroad, Madison-Wells Station, Madison & Wells Street...
Significance: Significant in the history of American industrial archaeology, the Union Loop Elevated is also important for its association with financier and traction magnate, Charles T. Yerkes and for its role... More
Commonwealth Electric Company, Fisk Street Electrical Generating Stati...
Significance: The original Fisk Street powerhouse, built in 1903, contained the world's most powerful Curtis steam-turbine generator. Manufactured by General Electric, this vertical steam-turbine generator pro... More
Julius Albright House, Hohfelder Road, Glencoe, Cook County, IL
Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: FN-39 Survey number: HABS IL-134 Building/structure dates: ca. 1866 Initial Construction
Chicago Ironwork, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Nitrate negatives. Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: FN-80 Survey number: HABS IL-155 Building/structure dates: ca. 1850- ca. 1875 Initial Construction
Lake Street Elevated Railway Interlocking Tower, Pulaski Road, Chicago...
Significance: A surviving example of an elevated railroad interlocking tower which is similar in design to the original towers used around the Union Loop by the Union Elevated Railroad in downtown Chicago. Sur... More
William H. Winslow House, Auvergne Place, River Forest, Cook County, I...
Significance: The house built in 1893 is considered to be the first significant structure designed by Frank Lloyd Wright after establishing an independent practice. Unprocessed Field note material exists for t... More
William H. Winslow House, Auvergne Place, River Forest, Cook County, I...
Significance: The house built in 1893 is considered to be the first significant structure designed by Frank Lloyd Wright after establishing an independent practice. Unprocessed Field note material exists for t... More
Negro boys on Easter morning. Southside, Chicago, Illinois
Picryl description: Public domain image of a political campaign, politician, meeting, civil rights movement, African Americans, 1930s, mid-20th-century United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Chicago Skyway Toll Bridge, I-90, for 7.8 miles from South State Stree...
Significance: The Chicago Skyway Toll Bridge system crosses the Calumet River on a 650'-0"-long cantilever Warren through truss. This is Chicago's highest and longest bridge, and perhaps more importantly, its ... More
Chicago Skyway Toll Bridge, I-90, for 7.8 miles from South State Stree...
Significance: The Chicago Skyway Toll Bridge system crosses the Calumet River on a 650'-0"-long cantilever Warren through truss. This is Chicago's highest and longest bridge, and perhaps more importantly, its ... More
Chicago Skyway Toll Bridge, I-90, for 7.8 miles from South State Stree...
Significance: The Chicago Skyway Toll Bridge system crosses the Calumet River on a 650'-0"-long cantilever Warren through truss. This is Chicago's highest and longest bridge, and perhaps more importantly, its ... More
Chicago (north), Illinois. Children bringing scrap to the block Office...
Picryl description: Public domain historical photo of Second World War, free to use, no copyright restrictions image.
Albert F. Madlener House, 4 West Burton Place, Chicago, Cook County, I...
Significance: This is one of the finest residential works of the Chicaog Architect Richard E. Schmidt, and an example of the work of the Prairie School. With its simple cubic volume and strong horizontality, it... More
Albert F. Madlener House, 4 West Burton Place, Chicago, Cook County, I...
Significance: This is one of the finest residential works of the Chicaog Architect Richard E. Schmidt, and an example of the work of the Prairie School. With its simple cubic volume and strong horizontality, it... More
Albert F. Madlener House, 4 West Burton Place, Chicago, Cook County, I...
Significance: This is one of the finest residential works of the Chicaog Architect Richard E. Schmidt, and an example of the work of the Prairie School. With its simple cubic volume and strong horizontality, it... More
Northwestern Elevated Railroad, Interlocking Tower, Wilson Avenue, Chi...
Significance: A surviving example of an elevated railroad interlocking tower which is similar in design to the original towers used around the Union Loop by the Union Elevated Railroad in downtown Chicago. Sur... More
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway, Calumet River Bridge, Spanni...
See also HAER IL-161 for additional documentation. Significance: The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway's two parallel vertical-lift spans over the Calumet River (of which one survives), and two neighbori... More
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway, Calumet River Bridge, Spanni...
See also HAER IL-161 for additional documentation. Significance: The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway's two parallel vertical-lift spans over the Calumet River (of which one survives), and two neighbori... More
John Francis Kenna Apartments, 2214 East Sixty-Ninth Street, Chicago, ...
Public domain photograph - historical image of Illinois, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Reginald DeKoven House, 104 East Bellevue Place, Chicago, Cook County,...
Significance: The building is a typical example of the townhouses built in the Gold Coast section of Chicago during the 1880's. It was designed by Burnham and Root for Reginald DeKoven, and American composer. ... More
Tenement Building "E", Langley Avenue, Chicago, Cook County, IL
See also HABS IL-173 for other related documentation. Survey number: HABS IL-1111 Building/structure dates: 1881-1882 Subsequent Work Building/structure dates: 1973 Demolished
Getty Tomb, North Clark Street & West Irving Park Road, Chicago, Cook ...
Significance: One of Louis Sullivan's most delicate and decorative designs, the Getty Tomb is one of three mausoleum structures created by the firm of Adler and Sullivan between 1889 and 1892. Unprocessed Fiel... More
James Charnley House, 1365 North Astor Street, Chicago, Cook County, I...
Significance: The Charnley House, probably designed by Frank Lloyd Wright during the time he worked for Adler and Sullivan, was recognized in February 1960 by the Commission of Chicago Architectural Landmark. ... More
Malcom Building, 662 North Clark Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Picryl description: Public domain image of a department store, commercial building, downtown, shopping center, 19th-20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Old Colony Building, 407 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Cook County, ...
Significance: The building is an example of the work of the Chicago firm of Holabird and Roche. Since the high, narrow, slab-like structure is almost entirely freestanding and without masonry bearing walls, an ... More
Illinois Waterway, Thomas J. O'Brien Lock and Control Works, East 130t...
Significance: The Thomas J. O'Brien Lock and Control Works is significant as a component of the Illinois Waterway, a navigable route linking Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River and beyond. The lock and co... More
Second Baptist Church, Morgan & Monroe Streets, Chicago, Cook County, ...
Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: FN-11 Survey number: HABS IL-26-2 Building/structure dates: 1864 Initial Construction Building/structure dates: 1867 Subsequent Work Building/struc... More
Second Baptist Church, Morgan & Monroe Streets, Chicago, Cook County, ...
Unprocessed Field note material exists for this structure: FN-11 Survey number: HABS IL-26-2 Building/structure dates: 1864 Initial Construction Building/structure dates: 1867 Subsequent Work Building/struc... More
Prosperous Chicagoan spends evening at home. Chicago, Illinois
Public domain photograph of the United States in the 1930s, portraits, people, events, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Chicago, Madison & Northern Railroad, Sanitary & Ship Canal Bridge, Sp...
Significance: This bridge crossing the Sanitary and Ship Canal was originally built for the Chicago, Madison & Northern Railroad Bridge. When it was completed in 1900 it contained the longest swing span of the... More
Sears Roebuck & Company Mail Order Plant, Bounded by Lexington & Grens...
Significance: The Merchandise Building was one of the first buildings completed for the Mail Order Plant in 1905-1906. It was designed by the nationally-known architectural firm of Nimmons and Fellows, with add... More
NIKE Missile Base C-84, Longer Barracks, South of Launch Area Entrance...
Significance: This barrack provided living facilities for personnel stationed at Nike Missile Base C-84. Standardized drawings indicate that the installation's two barracks housed enlisted men, officers, and n... More
Union Elevated Railroad, Randolph-Wells Street Station, Randall & Well...
Significance: Significant in the history of American industrial archaeology, the Union Loop Elevated is also important for its association with financier and traction magnate, Charles T. Yerkes and for its role... More
Union Elevated Railroad, Randolph-Wabash Avenue Station, Randolph Stre...
Significance: One of the stations along the Union Elevated Railroad's Loop. The Loop is part of one of the oldest elevated rail systems still in operation in the United States. This station served an integral... More
Union Stockyards, Gate, Exchange Avenue at Peoria Street, Chicago, Coo...
Public domain image of an arch structure, bridge, historic place ruins, classical architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions - Picryl description
Chicago River Bascule Bridge, Clarke Street, Spanning Chicago River at...
Significance: The development of the Chicago trunnoin bascule bridge occurred during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Despite the controversy over patent infringement Joseph E. Strauss charg... More
Chicago River Bascule Bridge, Clarke Street, Spanning Chicago River at...
Significance: The development of the Chicago trunnoin bascule bridge occurred during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Despite the controversy over patent infringement Joseph E. Strauss charg... More
West Division Street Bridge, Spanning North Branch of Chicago River at...
Significance: When Chicago became a major commercial and industrial center after the Civil War, the most common American drawbridge was the swing bridge, horizontally rotating on a center pier to open two navig... More
West Division Street Bridge, Spanning North Branch of Chicago River at...
Significance: When Chicago became a major commercial and industrial center after the Civil War, the most common American drawbridge was the swing bridge, horizontally rotating on a center pier to open two navig... More
Aldine Square, Vincennes Avenue, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Public domain photograph - historical image of Illinois, United States, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Chicago Public Library, Michigan, Washington & Randolph Streets & Nort...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a department store, commercial building, downtown, shopping center, 19th-20th century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Rookery Building, 209 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: The Commission on Chicago Architectural Landmarks has cited it: "In recognition of its pioneering plan in providing shops and offices around a graceful semi-private square and the further developm... More
Rookery Building, 209 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: The Commission on Chicago Architectural Landmarks has cited it: "In recognition of its pioneering plan in providing shops and offices around a graceful semi-private square and the further developm... More
Cable Building, 57 East Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: Before the Cable Building was demolished in the fall of 1960, it had been designated a Chicago Architectural Landmark by the municipally appointed Commission of Chicago Architectural Landmarks. S... More
Cable Building, 57 East Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: Before the Cable Building was demolished in the fall of 1960, it had been designated a Chicago Architectural Landmark by the municipally appointed Commission of Chicago Architectural Landmarks. S... More
Union Elevated Railroad, State-Lake Station, State & Lake Streets, Chi...
Significance: Significant in the history of American industrial archaeology, the Union Loop Elevated is also important for its association with financier and traction magnate, Charles T. Yerkes and for its role... More
Union Elevated Railroad, State-Lake Station, State & Lake Streets, Chi...
Significance: Significant in the history of American industrial archaeology, the Union Loop Elevated is also important for its association with financier and traction magnate, Charles T. Yerkes and for its role... More
Chicago River Bridge, Cermak Road, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: Of all the highway bridges crossing the Chicago River and Sanitary and Ship Canal, the Cermak Road Bridge is one of the few surviving bridges designed and patented by William Scherzer. Survey num... More
Chicago River Bridge, Cermak Road, Chicago, Cook County, IL
Significance: Of all the highway bridges crossing the Chicago River and Sanitary and Ship Canal, the Cermak Road Bridge is one of the few surviving bridges designed and patented by William Scherzer. Survey num... More
North Avenue Bridge, Spanning North Branch of Chicago River at West No...
Significance: When Chicago became a major commercial and industrial center after the Civil War, the most common American drawbridge was the swing bridge, horizontally rotating on a center pier to open two navig... More
Chicago River Bascule Bridge, Michigan Avenue, Spanning Chicago River ...
Significance: The development of the Chicago trunnion bascule bridge occurred during the first three decades of the twentieth century. Despite the controversy over patent infringement Joseph E. Strauss charg... More