Air views of Palestine. Various on Scopus and Olivet. Jerusalem. Old C...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Air views of Palestine. Jerusalem from the air. Various on Scopus and ...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Air views of Palestine. Various on Scopus and Olivet. Jerusalem. Old C...
Title from: Catalogue of photographs & lantern slides ... [1936?]. Date from Matson LOT cards. Gift; Episcopal Home; 1978.
Hadassah, University on Scopus. American colony in Jerusalem public do...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Medical ce...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Palestine disturbances 1936. Military troop leaving the War Graves Cemetry [i.e., Cemetery] after service on Armistice Day [Mount Scopus]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MzYvMDEvMDEvcGFsZXN0aW5lLWRpc3R1cmJhbmNlcy0xOTM2LW1pbGl0YXJ5LXRyb29wLWxlYXZpbmctdGhlLXdhci1ncmF2ZXMtY2VtZXRyeS1pZS0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/28/webp "Palestine disturbances 1936. Military troop leaving the War Graves Cemetry [i.e., Cemetery] after service on Armistice Day [Mount Scopus]")
Palestine disturbances 1936. Military troop leaving the War Graves Cem...
Picryl description: Public domain image of military personnel, conscription, group of people in uniform, armed forces, infantry, war activity, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Jerusalem. French Hospital on Mt. Scopus, close view
Public domain photograph related to Israel, Palestine, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Buildings in Jerusalem. French hospital on Mt. Scopus (Arab Jerusalem)
Public domain photograph of color slide, Israel, Palestine, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
British war cemetery on Scopus. The British war cemetery. The Stone of...
Public domain photo of a monument, historic place, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Military Cemetery on Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, #1
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
6th Australian light-horse regiment, 1918, camped outside Jerusalem in...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![[Hebrew University. Wolfsohn Library (left) and Rosenblum building of Judaic Studies (right), Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MjUvMDEvMDEvaGVicmV3LXVuaXZlcnNpdHktd29sZnNvaG4tbGlicmFyeS1sZWZ0LWFuZC1yb3NlbmJsdW0tYnVpbGRpbmctb2YtanVkYWljLXN0dWRpZXMtMTAyNC5qcGc%3D/40/28/webp "[Hebrew University. Wolfsohn Library (left) and Rosenblum building of Judaic Studies (right), Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem]")
[Hebrew University. Wolfsohn Library (left) and Rosenblum building of ...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a monastery, church, religious historic building, free to use, no copyright restrictions image.
Air views of Palestine. Various on Scopus and Olivet. War cemetery and...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Hadassah, University on Scopus. American colony in Jerusalem public do...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Police sports on Scopus. American colony in Jerusalem public domain ph...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). The synago...
Public domain photograph of office, auditorium, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Visitors' ...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Mr. Mendelsohn explain[s] the building to group of journalists, showing part of the university in distance](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MzQvMDEvMDEvbmV3LWhhZGFzc2FoLXVuaXZlcnNpdHktbWVkaWNhbC1jZW50cmUtamVydXNhbGVtLXNjb3B1cy1tci1tZW5kZWxzb2huLWV4cGxhaW5zLTEwMjQuanBn/40/28/webp "New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Mr. Mendelsohn explain[s] the building to group of journalists, showing part of the university in distance")
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Mr. Mendel...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Police sports on Scopus. American colony in Jerusalem public domain ph...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Hadassah, University on Scopus. American colony in Jerusalem public do...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Police sports on Scopus. American colony in Jerusalem public domain ph...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Auto gymkhana on Scopus, c.1930s
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Dinner (lunch) served by the institution to a large gathering of journalis[ts]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MzQvMDEvMDEvbmV3LWhhZGFzc2FoLXVuaXZlcnNpdHktbWVkaWNhbC1jZW50cmUtamVydXNhbGVtLXNjb3B1cy1kaW5uZXItbHVuY2gtc2VydmVkLTEwMjQuanBn/40/28/webp "New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Dinner (lunch) served by the institution to a large gathering of journalis[ts]")
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Dinner (lu...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Palestine disturbances 1936. Military Band leaving the Jerusalem War Cemetry [i.e., Cemetery] on Armistice Day [Mount Scopus]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MzYvMDEvMDEvcGFsZXN0aW5lLWRpc3R1cmJhbmNlcy0xOTM2LW1pbGl0YXJ5LWJhbmQtbGVhdmluZy10aGUtamVydXNhbGVtLXdhci1jZW1ldHJ5LTEwMjQuanBn/40/29/webp "Palestine disturbances 1936. Military Band leaving the Jerusalem War Cemetry [i.e., Cemetery] on Armistice Day [Mount Scopus]")
Palestine disturbances 1936. Military Band leaving the Jerusalem War C...
Public domain photograph of Jerusalem, Israel, Palestine, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Jerusalem (El-Kouds). Jerusalem from Mt. Scopus / American Colony, Jer...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![[Aerial view of Hebrew University campus on Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MjUvMDEvMDEvYWVyaWFsLXZpZXctb2YtaGVicmV3LXVuaXZlcnNpdHktY2FtcHVzLW9uLW10LXNjb3B1cy1qZXJ1c2FsZW0tMS0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/34/webp "[Aerial view of Hebrew University campus on Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem]")
[Aerial view of Hebrew University campus on Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem]
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTUvMTEvMjUvcGFub3JhbWEtaW4tMi1zZWN0aW9ucy1vZi1qZXItaWUtamVydXNhbGVtLWZyb20taGVicmV3LWxpYnJhcnktcm9vZi1vbi1zY29wdXMtMS0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/28/webp "Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue")
Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library...
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). The synago...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Visitors' ...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Auto gymkhana on Scopus. American colony in Jerusalem public domain ph...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a park, trees, outdoors, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Various results of the war. War cemetery on Scopus, new view.
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Tell el-Ful Battlefield, etc. Australian light horse on Mt. Scopus.
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Auto gymkhana on Scopus, c.1930s
Public domain photograph of an automobile, 1930s car, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Buildings in Jerusalem. City hotel on Mt. Scopus (Arab Jerusalem)
Picryl description: Public domain photograph of a historic hotel building, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Battlefield east of Scopus - Public domain image. Dry plate negative.
Public domain photograph of Jerusalem, Israel, Palestine, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTUvMTEvMjUvcGFub3JhbWEtaW4tMi1zZWN0aW9ucy1vZi1qZXItaWUtamVydXNhbGVtLWZyb20taGVicmV3LWxpYnJhcnktcm9vZi1vbi1zY29wdXMtNC0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/28/webp "Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue")
Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library...
Picryl description: Public domain image of an ancient city, historic place, stone buildings architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Hadassah, University on Scopus. Chapel of the hospital overlooking Jor...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Amphitheatre on Mt. Scopus prior to opening of H.U. [i.e., Hebrew University]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MjUvMDEvMDEvYW1waGl0aGVhdHJlLW9uLW10LXNjb3B1cy1wcmlvci10by1vcGVuaW5nLW9mLWh1LWllLWhlYnJldy11bml2ZXJzaXR5LTEwMjQuanBn/40/29/webp "Amphitheatre on Mt. Scopus prior to opening of H.U. [i.e., Hebrew University]")
Amphitheatre on Mt. Scopus prior to opening of H.U. [i.e., Hebrew Univ...
Picryl description: Public domain photograph of farming, farmer, agriculture, 20th-century, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Courtyard ...
Picryl description: Public domain image of a historical landmark building, courtyard, 17th, 18th, 19th-century architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Auto gymkhana on Scopus, c.1930s
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Mts. of Moab fr[om] Scopus showing wing of Hadassah Hosp. [i.e., Hospital] evening scene](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5NDMvMDEvMDEvbXRzLW9mLW1vYWItZnJvbS1zY29wdXMtc2hvd2luZy13aW5nLW9mLWhhZGFzc2FoLWhvc3AtaWUtaG9zcGl0YWwtZXZlbmluZy1zY2VuZS0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/29/webp "Mts. of Moab fr[om] Scopus showing wing of Hadassah Hosp. [i.e., Hospital] evening scene")
Mts. of Moab fr[om] Scopus showing wing of Hadassah Hosp. [i.e., Hospi...
Public domain photograph of 1940s Israel, Palestine, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Jerusalem from Mt. Scopus - Palestine - stereocsopic card
Woman on donkey in rocky terrain, Jerusalem in background. J153400 U.S. Copyright Office. No. U-126422.
6th Australian light-horse regiment, 1918, camped outside Jerusalem in...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTUvMTEvMjUvcGFub3JhbWEtaW4tMi1zZWN0aW9ucy1vZi1qZXItaWUtamVydXNhbGVtLWZyb20taGVicmV3LWxpYnJhcnktcm9vZi1vbi1zY29wdXMtMTAyNC5qcGc%3D/40/29/webp "Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue")
Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library...
Public domain photograph of library building, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Hadassah University on Scopus. General view of the Hadassah University...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Group inve...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Buildings in Jerusalem. Arab homes on Mt. Scopus (Arab Jerusalem)
Public domain photograph of Jerusalem, Israel, Palestine, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![[Sir Herbert Samuel and Winston Churchill at tree planting ceremony, on site of Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MjEvMDEvMDEvc2lyLWhlcmJlcnQtc2FtdWVsLWFuZC13aW5zdG9uLWNodXJjaGlsbC1hdC10cmVlLXBsYW50aW5nLWNlcmVtb255LW9uLXNpdGUtMTAyNC5qcGc%3D/40/58/webp "[Sir Herbert Samuel and Winston Churchill at tree planting ceremony, on site of Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem]")
[Sir Herbert Samuel and Winston Churchill at tree planting ceremony, o...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
War cemetery on Scopus, near view
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTUvMTEvMjUvcGFub3JhbWEtaW4tMi1zZWN0aW9ucy1vZi1qZXItaWUtamVydXNhbGVtLWZyb20taGVicmV3LWxpYnJhcnktcm9vZi1vbi1zY29wdXMtMi0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/28/webp "Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue")
Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library...
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Auto gymkhana on Scopus, c.1930s
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Jerusalem (El-Kouds). Jerusalem from Mt. Scopus
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
War cemetery, Mt. Scopus, chapel
Public domain photo of a monument, historic place, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Military Cemetery on Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem
Public domain photograph of Jerusalem, Israel, Palestine, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Military Cemetery on Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, #5
Public domain photo of a monument, historic place, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Mt. Scopus war cemetery chapel - Public domain image. Dry plate negati...
Public domain image of an arch structure, bridge, historic place ruins, classical architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions - Picryl description
![[6th Australian light-horse regiment, marching in Sheikh Jarrah, on the way to Mt. Scopus, 1918]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MTgvMDEvMDEvNnRoLWF1c3RyYWxpYW4tbGlnaHQtaG9yc2UtcmVnaW1lbnQtbWFyY2hpbmctaW4tc2hlaWtoLWphcnJhaC1vbi10aGUtd2F5LXRvLTEwMjQuanBn/40/29/webp "[6th Australian light-horse regiment, marching in Sheikh Jarrah, on the way to Mt. Scopus, 1918]")
[6th Australian light-horse regiment, marching in Sheikh Jarrah, on th...
Picryl description: Public domain image of armed forces, military conflict, conscription, infantry, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
![[Edith Matson on balcony of her home in Jerusalem, Mount Scopus in the backgroud]](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzE5MzAvMDEvMDEvZWRpdGgtbWF0c29uLW9uLWJhbGNvbnktb2YtaGVyLWhvbWUtaW4tamVydXNhbGVtLW1vdW50LXNjb3B1cy1pbi10aGUtYmFja2dyb3VkLTEwMjQuanBn/40/53/webp "[Edith Matson on balcony of her home in Jerusalem, Mount Scopus in the backgroud]")
[Edith Matson on balcony of her home in Jerusalem, Mount Scopus in the...
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Air views of Palestine. Jerusalem from the air. Various on Scopus and ...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
New Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem (Scopus). Group of j...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Auto gymkhana on Scopus, c.1930s
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Military war cemetery, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, the chapel
Picryl description: Public domain image of an architectural element, dome, cathedral, classical architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
![Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTUvMTEvMjUvcGFub3JhbWEtaW4tMi1zZWN0aW9ucy1vZi1qZXItaWUtamVydXNhbGVtLWZyb20taGVicmV3LWxpYnJhcnktcm9vZi1vbi1zY29wdXMtMy0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/28/webp "Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42. Zionist Executive & King George Avenue")
Panorama in 2 sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library...
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Jerusalem. Sun rays over Jerusalem taken from Scopus, late afternoon, ...
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Air views of Palestine. Jerusalem from the air. Various on Scopus and ...
Public domain photograph, 1930s-1940s Jerusalem, Palestine, History of Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Air views of Palestine. Jerusalem from the air. Various on Scopus and ...
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
War graves on Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem in distance.
Public domain photograph of 1920s Israel, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
Military Cemetery on Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, #12
Public domain photo of a monument, historic place, free to use, no copyright restrictions image - Picryl description
![Panorama in two sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42](https://cache.getarchive.net/Prod/thumb/cdn4/L3Bob3RvLzIwMTUvMTEvMjUvcGFub3JhbWEtaW4tdHdvLXNlY3Rpb25zLW9mLWplci1pZS1qZXJ1c2FsZW0tZnJvbS1oZWJyZXctbGlicmFyeS1yb29mLW9uLXNjb3B1cy0xMDI0LmpwZw%3D%3D/40/29/webp "Panorama in two sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Library roof on Scopus, May 13, '42")
Panorama in two sections of Jer. [i.e., Jerusalem] fr[om] Hebrew Libra...
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Air views of Palestine. Various on Scopus and Olivet. Jerusalem. Summi...
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Temple area from slopes of Scopus.
Picryl description: Public domain image of an old ancient city, historic place, stone building architecture, free to use, no copyright restrictions.
Palestine disturbances 1936. Camp of British soldiers on Mount Scopus
Picryl description: Public domain historical photo of camp, free to use, no copyright restrictions image.
Military cemetery on Scopus looking west showing rows of graves
Picryl description: Public domain image of field, irrigation, agriculture, water, free to use, no copyright restrictions.